I’m sure many of my peers and those a little older than me...

I’m sure many of my peers and those a little older than me can put down a long list of vacations they have went on through out there life. They could say how they traveled the world and took beautiful pictures that would make a lion shed a tear if they stared at it long enough. Unfortunately that hasn’t been me, but I have been blessed enough to be able to travel to Boston, Massachusetts and Orlando, Florida. I’ve been to other locations before in my life but I would put the mark down on these areas where I actually enjoyed myself. I did come up here to enjoy my time with my family through the years during Christmas, thanksgiving and summer. Continuing on, at the age of twelve I remember taking about six to eight hours to make it to†¦show more content†¦One month before the day we planned to leave, they changed the destination to Universal Studios. I was even more thrilled. On the opposing side of that, my cousin manny was jacking around with me the day before that made me slip and fall on my phone. I was so upset because I wouldn’t be able to take pictures or communicate with my contacts. That following night I spent the night on the couch at my Chantel and Manuel’s home. I didn’t go to be until eleven o’clock and the plane ride departed at five in the morning. The next thing I knew it was 3 in the morning and time for us to leave. I packed everything the night before along with my family; we were prepared and ready to go. We landed down around nine a.m. eastern time. The sky was so sunny and the people lively with the palm trees moving along like they were jamming to a song. When we obtained our entire luggage, the next stop was at the car rental services. My auntie and Uncle went back in forth about what care to pick. The option was a family van or a ten passenger bulky square truck that prisoner travel in for community service. It was a long first day and we didn’t get into the hotel until 8 o’clock. We spend the first hours of our time meeting Zulma, my uncle’s sister, and her kids. My family stopped at Chick-fil-a for some food. Then lastly we went shopping for food for that week so we wouldn’t have to eat out every night, ironically we ate out that first night. Making our way to the

THE FORGOTTEN HISTORY OF THE WESTERN CINEMA - 1400 Words

THE FORGOTTEN HISTORY OF THE WESTERN CINEMA The western movies are film genre where the scene generally takes place in North America during the American conquest of the West in the last decades of the nineteenth century. This genre appears since the invention of the cinema in 1985 finding its inspiration from literature and painting arts of the American Wild West. This genre reached its first success in the mid-twentieth century during the golden age of Hollywood studios, before it had being reinvented by European filmmakers in the 1960s. The term Western has since been attributed to other visual arts such as literature, painting, television, cartoon, and now refers to all artistic production influenced by the atmosphere and the clichà ©s†¦show more content†¦In the 1880s, the Wild West was the theme of many shows such as the famous Wild West Show by Buffalo Bill. By 1900, the theme is already so popular that it naturally became a source of inspiration for the pioneers of the film industry. In 1903, hollywood released the first Western movie â€Å"The Great Train Robbery†. It is a twenty minutes silent movie written, produced, and directed by Edwin S. Porter. This production was directly inspired by the true story of the Wild Bunch gang also know as the Doolin-Dalton gang during the 1890s (Clapham). The Western became officially a film genre in the 1920s. Very quickly, the western got detached little bit from reality to gain more freedom and imagination. Hollywood now created a mythical representation of the cowboy. This simple cowherd has become a heroic and virtuous character with impeccable and irreprochable qualities (Clapham, p.13). The western has also built a legend around iconic figures such as Billy the Kid and Jesse James. It was inspired by events such as the Gunfight of OK Corral, which was staged in many films. At the end of the movie â€Å"The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance†, produced by John Ford in 1962, a phrase captures the essence of western: â€Å"When the legend sells better than the

System Design Process

Question: Discuss about theSystem Design Process. Answer: Introduction The important five-stage prepare generally utilized as part of a critical considering works for define disorders too. Since define problems are more often than not characterized the entire more ambiguously and have a significant number of right replies, the method may just require backtracking and cycle. Settling a top level view limitation is sudden process and the association is dependable to unanticipated inconveniences what extra, changes are as it creates (Baron and Esteve, 2004). The five phases utilized for caring for outline disorders are: Signify the difficulty Accumulate germane information Create numerous preparations Wreck down and decide on reply Scan and actualize the association The initial phase in the define procedure is the trouble definition. This definition by and large comprises a posting of the item or customer requisites and extraordinarily information about object capacities and add-ons in addition to other things. Within the following stride, major data for the configuration of the object and its sensible particulars is acquired. A evaluate regarding the accessibility of comparative items within the industry sector have got to be carried out at this stage. As soon as the points of curiosity of the outline are most likely special, the configuration crew with contributions from experiment, assembling, and showcasing businesses produces extraordinary different choices to accomplish the pursuits and the specifications of the configuration (Burton and Howard, 1971). Due to the fact that price, protection, and different criteria for alternative, the entire extra encouraging alternatives are chosen for further investigation. Point of interest defines and examination step empowers a whole investigation of the preparations and influence in recognizable proof of the last outline that excellent fits the item requirements. Tailing this step, a model of the outline is developed and functional exams are carried out to check furthermore, possibly alter the outline. System Test, Evaluation and Validation Framework scan, evaluation, and approval workout routines need to be constructed up amid the theoretical define interval of the existence cycle, concurrently with the definition of the overall framework plan requirements from that point on, %he experiment and assessment proceeds by means of trying out of person elements, the checking out of extraordinary framework add-ons and major subsystems and after that by using the trying out of general framework as an integrated entity the objective is to receive a 'dynamic and afterward extended by way of iteration development and framework utilization (Computer graphics system for machine tool project). The five classifications of testing, evaluation and validation are: Preliminary expository assessment. Selected phase usefulness or bodily characteristics. Initial segment ability for operation. Utterly coordinated framework formal exams and displays. Special post dispatch checking out. The built up TPM wants must have an impact on the profundity and strategies utilized for assessment. Be that as it will, newly outlined add-ons (high-hazard) must require more testing than business or normal segments. The impact of achievement advances from the undertaking team to the consumer and again to the brand. The enterprise group's primary measure of development is the affirmation. Be that as it may, as soon as the framework is conveyed, the purchasers will see accomplishment on countless levels (Franqueira, Gomes and Costa, 2012). The mission could supply a framework that's effortlessly affirmed yet turns into a failure to the customer. Optimization in Design and Operations for Reliability and Maintainability These presumptions are made with the aid of originators, to a nice extent based on their possess expertise and benchmark understanding from comparable companies; and accordingly, colossal outline selections, for instance, approach selection and equipment sizes are made in light of suspicions which have been made in regards to the future RAM attributes of the plant. Once the configuration is settled within the utilized stage a corporation is left with much less and that is most effective the tip of the iceberg expensive levels of opportunity for boosting plant accessibility (Fu and Jiang, 2011). The consecutive approach isolates the approach plan action from the unwavering excellent examination to realize enhancements in plant accessibility. In the preliminary step, for a distinct plant accessibility, a flow sheet is chosen with traditional modern or enhancement founded process which is then broke down by using an unwavering pleasant grasp to make a decision the quantitative plant accessibility and outline changes that need to construct plant accessibility. The info is distributed back to the configuration enterprise to upgrade anticipated plant accessibility know-how and to organize the advice of the dependability professionals with appreciate to their attainability. Unmistakably, this system brings about immoderate outline cycles (Illum, 1983). Growing the unwavering satisfactory of a compressor/reactor 1/reactor2 Since dynamic repetition for the compressor. When you consider that a ability tank before the separator to reduce the effect of disappointment of both reactors. Support associated alternatives. Growing the variety of preventive help activities on a compressor/reactor reactor 2 (Lee and Park, 2010). Growing the number of extras held for a compressor/reactor1/reactor 2 within the distribution core (Shang, 2013). Human Factors in System Design Concepts Human motives in procedure Design, development, and checking out portrays constructing framework define as a behavioral method, an approach which brings up issues the originator need to reply. It concentrates on the recommendations main the define approach, coming full circle in a behavioral speculation of the configuration approach. Exclusive exertion has been made to delineate human variables plan as it really happens (Serghides and Fielding, 1988). Designated consideration is paid to purchasers of the configuration items, with high-quality accentuation on define for the elderly and incapacitated. Composed with the aid of one of the vital major pioneers in human add-ons, this project highlights: The utilization of a sizeable scale is trained of outline professionals to make a decision how plan issues and issues are managed, all matters viewed; An examination of the building outline procedure as relatively being established on subjective practices; and The advance of a behavioral speculation of configuration. Design Architecture Engineering Design: the way toward characterizing an accumulation of apparatus and programming components and their interfaces to mounted the constitution for the advance of a pc framework. Definite Design: the way toward refining and developing the preparatory configuration of a framework or segment to the measure that the defined is appropriately finished to begin usage (Lumbard, 2011). Functional Design: the way toward characterizing the working connections among the segments of a framework. Preparatory Design: the best way towards breaking down outline choices and characterizing the engineering, segments, interfaces, and timing/measuring gauges for a framework or segments (Matthews and Philip, 2012). System Design Levels Programming define is the initial section in SDLC, which strikes the fixation from predicament house to arrangement area. It tries to denote the best way to satisfy the necessities exact in SRS. Compositional Design - The structural define is essentially the most amazing theoretical rendition of the framework. It distinguishes the product as a framework with numerous segments interfacing with each other. At this degree, the originators get proposed association area (Rooney, Project Alliancing). Irregular state Design - The irregular state plan breaks the 'single substance more than a few phase' suggestion of engineering configuration into less-disconnected viewpoint of sub-frameworks and modules and delineates their communiqu with each different. Abnormal state outline concentrates on how the framework alongside the majority of its segments can be done in forms of modules. It perceives measured structure of every sub-framework and their connection and collaboration among each different (Rouwhorst, 2001). Nitty gritty Design - Exact outline manages the utilization section of what is visible as a framework and its sub-frameworks in the past two plans. It's extra itemized closer to modules and their utilization. It characterizes regular constitution of every module and their interfaces to communicate with different modules. Conclusion In programming plan, simultaneousness is actualized through part the product into quite a lot of autonomous models of execution, similar to modules and executing them in parallel. Because it had been, simultaneousness gives capacity to the product to execute a couple of a player in code in parallel to each other. Programming configuration is a process to vary patron must haves into some suitable constitution, which helps the developer in programming coding and utilization. For surveying consumer prerequisites, a SRS file is made while for coding and execution, there's a need of more particular and point by means of point necessities in programming phrases. The yield of this approach can straightforwardly be utilized into usage as a part of programming dialects. Recommendations The introduction method and the sending rely upon arranging the distinctive methods which restrain the choice frameworks. The clients strive to concentrate on the sending usefulness by means of fortified response to handle the framework requirements. This may increasingly maintain bettering the conveyance of the associated details, where the belongings are set to fulfill the detail and the static move of the framework. The paper has been targeting the comparison and conceptualizing of the LRT frameworks. The organizers political and the city pioneers are for comprehension the particular outline types with the specialized disorders. References BARON, C. and Esteve, D. (2004). 3.6.3 Towards a shared process for system design and project management. INCOSE International Symposium, 14(1), pp.662-672. Burton, R. and Howard, G. (1971). Optimal Design for System Reliability and Maintainability. IEEE Transactions on Reliability, R-20(2), pp.56-60. Computer graphics system for machine tool project. (1969). Computer-Aided Design, 1(3), p.53. Franqueira, T., Gomes, G. and Costa, R. (2012). Project Action for Age 2: Design process in service design. Strategic Design Research Journal, 5(1). Fu, L. and Jiang, P. (2011). A Project-Driven E-Design System for Product Development Process Modeling. AMM, 101-102, pp.610-613. Illum, P. (1983). How to make the structured design process work. International Journal of Project Management, 1(3), pp.169-172. Lee, T. and Park, G. (2010). Managing System Design Process Using Axiomatic Design: A Case on KAIST Mobile Harbor Project. SAE International Journal of Materials and Manufacturing, 3(1), pp.125-132. Lumbard, D. (2011). Use of a Design Influence Process During the Development of the AW159 Wildcat Helicopter to Improve Manufacturability, Maintainability and Reliability. Safety and Reliability, 31(3), pp.49-60. Matthews, P. and Philip, A. (2012). Bayesian project diagnosis for the construction design process. Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing, 26(04), pp.375-391. Rooney, G. (n.d.). Project Alliancing The Process Architecture of a Relationship Based Project Delivery System for Complex Infrastructure Projects. SSRN Electronic Journal. Rouwhorst, W. (2001). The use of modern robust control design methods in the autoland system design process - the REAL project. Air Space Europe, 3(3-4), pp.188-190. Serghides, V. and Fielding, J. (1988). A reliability and maintainability prediction methodology for the conceptual aircraft design process. Reliability Engineering System Safety, 20(1), pp.19-33. Shang, Y. (2013). Study on Project Design Process of Aircraft. AMM, 353-356, pp.3695-3698.

Silence The Court Is In Session Essay Example

Silence The Court Is In Session Essay The student will be introduced to the tradition of Indian drama and some of he salient features in this genre. We shall also look at the breaks and continuities that modern drama introduces. Furthermore, we shall also analyses dramas role in raising issues and disseminating ideas. The student will also be given a brief biography of the playwright. The first lesson plan also provides a detailed list of characters and a discussion of the First Act Dear Students, This study material is designed to provide you with an introduction and discussion around the critical issues in Visa Tendernesss Silence! The Court Is In Session! As you are aware this play has been prescribed in The English Discipline Course for the students of BAA Programmer Lyre. While discussions on the play are important, it is even more important that prior to reading this study material, you do a thorough reading of the play. Do not feel intimidated by the suggestion. If you do have a small group of friends who are part of the course, you may even undertake a group reading, where each one of you can read out the part of individual characters. It would be better still, if you could emote the part allotted to you, instead of merely reading it. This will engage your complete attention and enable you to come o grips with the action of the play. After all, you must remember that when Denatured wrote this play, he was not thinking about its being prescribed for undergraduate students at a university college. He wanted a living, thinking, and feeling audience to engage with issues that he felt very strongly about. He wanted his audience to go home thinking deeply about the questions that his play brings to the fore. We will write a custom essay sample on Silence The Court Is In Session specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Silence The Court Is In Session specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Silence The Court Is In Session specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Background Detail Pertaining To The Play The play Silence ! The Court Is In Session is an English translation of a play written in marathon in the year 1967 by Visa Denatured. The title of this play in Marathon is Shanty! Court Chalk Ah! Where did the germ of an idea that inspired Denatured to write this play come from? The play is based on a short story by Frederica D;rearmament(1921 -1990). The short story Die Panel written in 1956 is available in an English translation titled Traps. Tournament was a Swiss author and playwright whose work reflected the experiences of World War II. This detail allows us to see how powerful the impact Of creative writing is. It also documents for us the fact that human beings are easily influenced by ideas and that these ideas can have their origins in any eclectic source. Suddenly the commonalities of language make us register the common bonds that link us with people around the world. Where ever a writer is located, the fact that he is speaking about human experiences always enables others to connect to the shared universality of 3 human experience. See if you can locate Frederica Tournaments story. It mightiest be fun to track down this story and see how a reading enlarges your own understanding of Tendernesss play. Tendernesss Silence ! The Court Is In Session belongs to the genre Of drama. Tendernesss play, SSHneat! Court ChiLU Ah (Silence! The Court Is In Session) was first staged in 1967 and is acknowledged to be one of his mature works. A movie was made on this play in 1971 by Stay Deep Dubbed for which Denatured wrote the screenplay. It might be a good idea for those of you who are interested in the genre of film to look for a video of this production, Those of you who are interested in theatre could check at the National School of Drama, near Mankind House, New Delhi. They might have a recording of the play, which has a rich stage history, in their archives. We have now looked at two significant aspects of the play. First, we know that Visa Denatured was inspired by a short story, written in German by a Swiss writer which was translated in English. We also know that he wrote the play in Marathon. Yet another significant dimension of the play is that it is located in an Indian context. The play draws upon an older Indian tradition of drama at the same time, it is located in the India of the 1 9505 and does to some extent document the lives, mores and perspectives of people in this period. Necessarily, the play therefore draws upon situations that would be typical of the lives of men and women in the newly independent Indian state, undergoing rapid changes as it sought to assimilate modern ideas and incorporate these while trying to break free of the stranglehold of older constricting patterns and thought processes. Notions Of Genre This brings me to yet another important aspect that you need to consider. The course in literature that you are studying deals with a large range consists of forms. These are also described as genres. Poetry, prose, short story, epic, fiction and drama are some of the popular genres in which writers have expressed themselves through the ages. What are the various genres you are milliamp with? Is there any genre that appeals to you more than the others? Did you know that if we were to look at the history of literature in any period, we would find that at any given time some genres have always been more popular than the others? One of the good things about being readers and students of literature in English in the Twenty-First Century is that we are introduced to a very large repertoire of genres and authors You could explore the distinguishing features in the different genres that you are studying. The epic quite often uses poetic meters. So do a lot of plays. In act, a later play by Denatured, Grammas Zonal (1972) made dramatic history by its use of older and more popular folk traditions of dance and music. Even Silence! The Court Is In Session introduces nursery rhymes and poems, through its characters. So you see while terms like poetry and prose are general indicators, a work of literature can quite often successfully use both poetry and prose , such as the Inhabitant, which often intersperses poetic and prosaic forms. A drama thus is shaped not only by the thinking of the playwright, it also draws from the long history, social and cultural of the place t is located in. Let us then look quickly at some of the aspects of drama, both in the context of India and the world. As you are probably aware ours is an old civilization with a a rich and diverse tradition of 4 drama and spectacle and we have a fairly old tradition of ancient Sanskrit drama. Eventually Sanskrit drama was slowly replaced by drama in regional languages and when we move closer to recent drama in modern times, we find drama in regional languages being translated into English, which is one of the newest languages on the Indian subcontinent. Older History Of Drama Sanskrit drama which can be traced to the ancient vided times is first recorded in the form of exchanges between some of the gods who feature in the Received. These were succeeded by a large number Of Sanskrit dramatists such as Salinas, Banality, Shudders, Savages, to name a few. In Sanskrit drama, especially in the plays of Salinas, the male protagonists spoke in Sanskrit. Usually, the women and other minor characters spoke in pail, Prairie or pastrami. This was a very evolved and sophisticated form of dramaturgy and boasts of a manual for both playwrights and actors which details at great length every aspect concerned with the production and staging of a play. Exhaustive guidelines are provided in the Intrastate, a remarkable treatise on the art, craft, aesthetics and dynamics of play production. The primary aim of Sanskrit drama was to produce harmony and provide pleasure. So dramatists kept acts of violence and death away from the stage. Most plays subjected the central characters to great trial and suffering, at the end of which they emerged stronger and usually concluded on a happy note. The subject matter was borrowed from the older stories and youths and centered around important figures of royal birth, who in turn are often visited by the gods, demons and other semi-divine beings. Kielbasas well known play Abashing Smalltalk, is the story of the birth of one of Behaviorists kings Barbara. This is a story that traces the lineage of the Purr dynasty, while exploring the love of King Thousandths for the daughter of an Pappas who lived with her foster father Kanata, in a hermitage. The earliest version of this story fleshed out in the form of a play by Salinas can be found in the epic, the Inhabitant Do read, Abashing Smalltalk if you can. This will allow you to analyses more acutely the difference in the modern Indian play and its shift from the traditional Sanskrit play. Abashing Smalltalk is available in translation and provides an important link in the history of translation. This play was discovered by anthologists in the 18th century and translated into English, German and French and was viewed with great wonder in different parts of Europe. It was also translated into Indian languages. In fact, the earliest play written in Marathon for the stage was an adaptation of Abashing Smalltalk in 1880. You may be curious to know whether there were any other influences apart from the tradition of drama in Sanskrit that shaped contemporary Indian drama. The answer to this is in the affirmative. While Sanskrit classical drama did influence theatrical representation in different parts of India, there was also the incorporation of and emergence of very rich local traditions of cultural expression. These contributed their own flavor and color to the development of new traditions in regional drama. So while Sanskrit is the primary language from which most of our modern Indian languages evolved, nee must also recognize the impetus regional theatre received from alternate traditions in each region of India. Regional Influences When we look at theatre traditions in Bengal, Kraal, Tamil Nadia or Maharajahs, for instance, we observe the rich influx of local practice that exists in each Of these regions. The popular folk 5 tradition leading to the development of Marathon theatre was the Tamales. This was a form of theatre which came into existence in the early sixteenth century in Maharajahs. Tamales was a folk tradition of theatricals and love songs called Lavish popular among the common people especially those room the Goliath and maharaja communities. One of the significant facts to remember about the Tamales is that it adapted into its practice of song, dance and story, a host of narratives from the Sanskrit tradition, namely the pursuant, the dastards and the Krishna least. The Tamales could be performed any. Veer, in an open courtyard, in a large open stretch of land or even in front of a house. Thus, as you can see it was not constrained by the absence of a proper or regular stage. The Tamales was perhaps one of the earliest community cultural activities in which women danced and sang before an audience. The classical and folk traditions of theatre were then followed by what we could broadly term the modern period in Indian Theatre. In the instance of Maharajahs, we can see the eighteenth century as the period from which we can trace the beginnings of modern Marathon theatre. Modern Marathon theatre is indebted to the contributions of Vishnu Ads Behaves adaptations of older Sanskrit narratives like Sits Samovar, in Marathon. His contribution was to present the dialogues in the form of ordinary, everyday conversations. He also used innovations like changeable scenery which he borrowed from the Western stage. Another important personage associated with modern Marathon theatre was Anna Saves Karaoke. The foundation of commercial repertoires in Marathon theatre can be dated to the time of his founding of the Karaoke Natty Mandela in 1880. Modern Influences Meanwhile a lot of English theatre also traveled to India. The early twentieth century saw a lot of English plays being staged in different parts of India. Indian theatre in the twentieth century owes a great deal to ideas and influences from across the continent, from both Europe and America. Both in the First and the Second World, idealistic men and women struggled to put cross on paper their concerns about the rights and desires of a burgeoning population. The Twentieth Century is about the spread of notions of democracy all over the world and its implementation in political governments as well. With the exception of small pockets in the world, most countries moved in the direction of governments by the people, of the people and for the people. This did not of course mean that an equal or equitable world was immediately achieved. Yet, this was a major step in that direction and several playwrights the world over began to engage with the lives of the ordinary people. Most of the characters in Modern Drama are from a new class that grew to its optimum in the twentieth century, namely the middle class. In India we also struggled in the formative years of the twentieth century with colonialism, and our own struggles for independence from British Rule. Alongside, a strong sense of our identity as Indians we also tried to negotiate the difficulties imposed by rigid caste structures and ossified gender roles and expectations. To add to this were long standing religious convictions that had again entrenched themselves in cultural practice. As a country whose people went out into the streets to fight for their right to freedom, citizenship, governance and independence, we also adopted several new ideas. Our constitution which we adopted in 1 950 speaks about these ideas and defines them as fundamental rights which accrue to every man and women, independent of his social class, and gender. We need now to see what our inspired playwrights made of these new ideas and influences. Visa Denatured: A Life You may not be aware that Denatured is one of the pioneering writers of plays for the proscenium theatre in India. Other prominent writers who wrote plays round this time are Garish Carnal and Moan Rakes. Denatured is also one of our prominent modern playwrights, reflecting and exploring the journeys of individuals through the Indian cultural milieu. As Urinated Bannered points out, he has been in the vanguard of not just Marathon but Indian theatre for the past forty years. Visa Denatured was born in Kohlrabi , Maharajahs in 1928 . He was from a Sarasota Brahmins family and his father worked as a clerk and also ran a publishing business. Kohlrabi in the 1 adds had its own Maharaja Shahs l. The world Denatured grew up in was in pre-independent India and as a young boy he was naturally attracted to the world of words and writing. He displayed a prolific interest in the same, writing his first play at the age of eleven. So he came of age in an India that was on the threshold of great changes. Denatured was witness to the fact that older feudal and traditional structures and familiar ways of life were being disrupted and changed by the new ideas of social ferment and political change in the air. Denatured was an impressionable young teenager when the Quit India Movement was in full force. Despite the reservations of his family, he joined the movement. Along with his interest in a world of ideas, Denatured was deeply absorbed in the everyday world around him. His first job was that of a journalist with a Marathon weekly that was published from Pun(then Pomona). He worked as a journalist for a great number of years, and eventually shifted to Iambi (then Bombay), as the Chief Sub-editor of a Marathon Daily Subsequently he worked as a freelance writer and he was a regular columnist for The Maharajahs Times. The year 1948 saw him as the editor of Navigate. Alongside regular journalistic activity, Denatured also found outlets to his creative writing through short stories. Discovering that his narratives contained a surfeit of dialogues, he experimented with writing one act plays. This lead eventually to his writing full fledged plays. He continued to live in Iambi for the rest Of his life. As you already know, Denatured began his career writing for newspapers. He had also written two plays, ?muchvary Kong Prep Karar (Who will Love us? ), and the Graduates (The Householder). His early attempts at playwriting did not receive much appreciation and he decided never to write again. Something like this happened to an aspiring playwright in the Nineteenth Century in England, Robert Browning. He moved from writing plays to writing poems, and popularized the dramatic monologue through his poetry. Denatured however continued writing plays in spite of the plays not being received favorably. In 1956 he wrote Chairman, which was to establish him as a significant playwright. This play also saw the arrival of Denatured, the playwright who was ready to explore unconventional themes and look closely at the many changes that were taking place in the society around him. Chairman startled the conservative audience of the times. It has a rather radical storyline; an married young woman decides to keep her unborn child while her rich father tries to buy her a husband in an attempt to save his social prestige. In Chairman Denatured plunges deep into the heart of middle class morality, challenging social codes and questioning taboos. This questioning remains of central importance in all of his plays. In a writing career spanning more than five decades, Denatured has written 30 full length plays and 23 one-act plays. Several of his plays have gone on to become classics of the Marathon theatre as well as modern Indian Theatre. His plays have been translated and performed in many Indian languages. Gresham Kowtow (Gresham the Constable) (1972), a musical combining Marathon 7 folk performance styles and contemporary theatrical techniques, is one of the longest-running plays in the world, with over six thousand performances in India and abroad, in the original and in translation. Denatured has a prolific output of writing to his credit and it is not possible to discuss each and every one of his plays keeping in mind the limitations of this study material. It would be a good idea for you to read some of Tendernesss plays in order to familiarize yourself with his writing. Shanty as you all know is a play in Three Acts. Like Chairman, the protagonist of this play deals with an unconventional woman. Her experience places her in a vulnerable position in a rigid society that runs on hidebound codes. The young woman and the choices she makes are seen as threatening the very edifice of the society she lives in. Her existence therefore becomes problematic and she is perforce silenced in the course of the play. World Of The Play Silence! The Court Is In Session is a play in three acts dealing with the lives of ordinary people in a small town. Coming from diverse backgrounds, around ten characters are engaged in a group activity. They are members of The Sonar Motif Tenement (Bombay) progressive Association (ESMTP). This is a socially committed group whose prime objective is to facilitate awareness around important issues affecting the community or the world. These are raised for discussion by the various members of the group who enact a court- room scenario. Denatured borrows from court proceedings in order to stage a mock-trial. For this particular evening, the group is meeting to perform a mock trial protesting against President Johnnys production of atomic weapons. The idea of a mock trial in order to engage the audience is a reliant strategy adopted by Denatured. In doing so, he borrows from an important institution made available for the resolution of civilian problems in the modern world, namely, the world of the law courts wherein the highest secular principles of the law are enshrined. The officials of the court are meant to uphold the rights of the individual and they legislate accordingly, keeping in view larger principles, duties and responsibilities. Courts and the justice they deliver are perforce meant to be free of prejudice and bias. We need to examine whether such objective evaluation and bias free justice is dad available in the course of the play. Denatured uses the possibilities of an open discussion forum which the court provides in order to introduce to us a motley group of characters who are thrown together and perforce create a small social community when they decide to stage a mock trial. Social work ostensibly is the glue that binds the different characters together. As you now know the play is divided into three Acts. Read each Act carefully? What do you think are the salient features of each of the three acts? Is there any distinct difference that you could notice between one act and the succeeding act? As you know all three acts take place in the same hall. In the first act, the play swings into action in an empty hall presumably used for a lot of public functions in the village such as speeches, receptions, weddings, womens afghans and magic shows. We are introduced to all the characters in the play in the first act itself as all the members of the ESMTP begin to assemble for rehearsals. 8 List Of Characters In Order Of Appearance: Aragua Samoan: Appears on the stage holding a green cloth parrot. Is a young man, who earns enough to keep body and soul together, in his own words. He lives With his brother and sister-in -law, is unmarried and dotes on his nephew. He is a mild-mannered and friendly young man. Runs chores for the group and is asked to act as the fourth witness. 2. Ella Banner: is a school teacher of eight years standing. She comes across as a vivacious and unconventional woman. She seems to have a mind of her own and is very forthright. She has a sense of fun. She is also able to laugh at the foibles and eccentricities of the various members in the group. 3. Saturate: Arrives on stage along with the rest of the characters. He is introduced as a lawyer in the stage directions. He comes in smoking a ebbed. 4. Servant: Possibly a porter hired from the station, he is one of the general factotum which arrives on stage. He carries two wooden enclosures, the dock and the witness box, puts these down on the left side of the wings, returns to face Pones, is paid money for his services and leaves the stage. 5. Ball Rocked: As a young boy he was given shelter by the Karakas, who fed, clothed and educated him while he ran errands and performed odd jobs for them. He accompanies them and takes orders from them. 6. Pones: Is introduced as the Science student. Ella Banner tells us that he as failed his intermediate examinations, these are examinations that would have allowed him to join the university. Pones smokes a pipe, has taken his inter exams for the second time and works as a clerk at the Central Telegraph office. 7. Mrs.. Shakier: Banner introduces her as The-hand-that-rocks -the-cradle. Yet, Mrs. Shakier, although she is given this epithet has no children of her own. Her role, it is suggested at the outset is one of providing nurture and secondary support as a housewife. The use of a married title Mrs.. And her husbands surname are the only way in which she is represented throughout he play. This perhaps is her only public identity. She is known as the wife of Mr.. Shakier. It is her husband who calls all the shots and is shown as very rude to her, putting her down and cutting her short on every occasion. The taking on Of a marriage usually involves a change Of the surname for a woman. The man retains his own name. This is accepted as conventional practice all over the world. There are feminists who have voiced their apprehensions about how this change of surname indicates the subservient status that a woman occupies in contrast to her husband, including a gradual erosion of female identity and selfless. Today a small percentage of women do use their own surnames. 8. Mr.. Shakier: The dominant spouse, he has indulged his wife by stopping on the way to the hall and buying her flowers to put in her hair. He is referred to as the chairman of the group by Banner and sees himself as a man of superior intelligence. He is shown to have 9 a great sense of self-importance and sees himself as undertaking any and every action only with Prime objectives in view. 9. Local Resident 10. Sarnia is an experimental theatre actor, shown as habituated to chewing pan As you will notice, there are minor characters and there are major characters even in a play like Shanty which does not have a conventional romantic storyline. For instance, in Abashing Smalltalk, the narrative begins with the king out on a hunt. In the process he strays into a hermitage and encounters with a beautiful young woman to whom he is attracted. Over Seven Acts, Salinas traces the moods Of love, longing, parting, separation, misunderstanding and eventual reunion over a period of a few years. In Shanty, the action of the play takes place over a single evening. There are young men and a young woman in this play. However the play is not an exploration of romantic love that blossoms into commitment and adult responsibility. We see instead a cross section of people from the middle-class who have assembled together for staging a mock-trial on issues that concern them. These different people may never have met each other were it not for the Sonar Motif Tenement. With the exception of the Karakas who are husband and wife and Ball Rocked, who has been raised by them, the rest of the characters connect with each other through dealings in a very public world. Each member of the group is different from the other in terms of age,

Free Essays on Dionysus

Zeus’ divine child relishes the happy life He loves peace who sheds happiness Peace who nurses admirable youths And gave of the rich and poor He hates those who do not do their best day and wondrous night to live happily. (Euripides, Bacchai 416-426) Dionysus has been called the Father of Wine, the Bringer of Virility, and the Patron of the Theatrical Arts, of which he is most well known for. Dionysus, also known as Bacchus, Iacchus, Bassareus, Trietenicus, and Liber, is credited for the creation of wine and theatre, yet his origins and earthly powers are vague and convoluted (Apiryon, 1). His origin has long been suspected to be in a fusion of a rural, local Greek nature god and another more potent god imported from Phrygia (central Turkey) or Thrace later in Greek prehistory (Gross, 1). Contradictory, Dionysus was one of the most important deities to the Greeks, yet historically he was rarely mentioned in writing. He was the Thracian, and eventually Greek, god of ecstasy, terror, guilt and atonement, death and resurrection, vegetation, trees, wine, madness, and drama. He also represented Eleusis: ecstasy, personal delivery from the world through physical or spiritual intoxication, and initiation into secret rites (1).To compreh end the complicated worship of this (once)nature deity, one must understand his origins, his followers, his holidays, and the evolution of the entire religion into the current form of theatre today. There are countless versions to the origins of Dionysus, and most continue in a common thread while contradicting each other. In the most profuse and popular tale, Dionysus was born of Zeus and Semele, a mortal woman whom Zeus had fallen in love with and the romance continued for many years. To no ones surprise, Semele became pregnant and rumors flew around Mt. Olympus. Eventually Hera, Queen of the gods and Zeus’ wife, discovered her husband’s secret affair with this human woman and became gree... Free Essays on Dionysus Free Essays on Dionysus DIONYSUS Dionysus, also known as Bacchus, is the son of the god Zeus and Semele. He is known as the twice-born god because Zeus unintentionally burned Semele on the account of Hera’s trickery and Dionysus died inside Semele. There are a few stories that come to his rebirth but the one that is most remembered in mythology is that Hermes took the heart of Dionysus and sew it into Zeus’s leg. After much persecution by Hera, Zeus finally became fed up with it and turned Dionysus into a god. Dionysus was the god of many things and some think that he is the most important god out of all of them which I for one agree with. To start he was the first god of fertility associated with plants and animals. For this he was known as â€Å"he of the trees†. He is also the god of wine, he had discovered this when he was in Nysa, also known as god of blossoms. This is where things get confusing. Dionysus is associated with both the life force and with death. He brings death, madness, and destruction to every where he goes and everyone that follows. However, paradoxically resurrection and life as well. For example; Dionysus drove Ino, his nurse, insane and she boiled her child alive, however she jumped into the sea and became a sea goddess. His mother, Semele, was burned alive but she joins Dionysus and other gods at Mount Olympus. By creating destruction in a way he is also creating life. Dionysus played an important role in helping life go on. He is the god of wine which in those days was a major thing to the Greeks and stimulated not only self worth and peoples lives but also stimulated procreation. The people that followed him would go mad, they would have parties and drink and let themselves go free without the common day worries and let life live. He is a god of the people. He understands them and the people that were his followers had a piece of him inside of them. He understood death like no other god could because he is the only ... Free Essays on Dionysus Zeus’ divine child relishes the happy life He loves peace who sheds happiness Peace who nurses admirable youths And gave of the rich and poor He hates those who do not do their best day and wondrous night to live happily. (Euripides, Bacchai 416-426) Dionysus has been called the Father of Wine, the Bringer of Virility, and the Patron of the Theatrical Arts, of which he is most well known for. Dionysus, also known as Bacchus, Iacchus, Bassareus, Trietenicus, and Liber, is credited for the creation of wine and theatre, yet his origins and earthly powers are vague and convoluted (Apiryon, 1). His origin has long been suspected to be in a fusion of a rural, local Greek nature god and another more potent god imported from Phrygia (central Turkey) or Thrace later in Greek prehistory (Gross, 1). Contradictory, Dionysus was one of the most important deities to the Greeks, yet historically he was rarely mentioned in writing. He was the Thracian, and eventually Greek, god of ecstasy, terror, guilt and atonement, death and resurrection, vegetation, trees, wine, madness, and drama. He also represented Eleusis: ecstasy, personal delivery from the world through physical or spiritual intoxication, and initiation into secret rites (1).To compreh end the complicated worship of this (once)nature deity, one must understand his origins, his followers, his holidays, and the evolution of the entire religion into the current form of theatre today. There are countless versions to the origins of Dionysus, and most continue in a common thread while contradicting each other. In the most profuse and popular tale, Dionysus was born of Zeus and Semele, a mortal woman whom Zeus had fallen in love with and the romance continued for many years. To no ones surprise, Semele became pregnant and rumors flew around Mt. Olympus. Eventually Hera, Queen of the gods and Zeus’ wife, discovered her husband’s secret affair with this human woman and became gree... Free Essays on Dionysus Son of Zeus and Semele, also known in both Greek and Latin as Bacchus. According to Ovid, when his mother was killed Zeus snatched her unborn child and sewed him into his own thigh. The Homeric Hymn to Dionysos (1) gives variant versions of his birth. He is unusual in that he has a mortal mother, the story of Semele places his birth much later than those of the other gods. Several stories tell of the fate of mortals who refused to recognised or accept Dionysos, as in Euripides' Bacchae. Apollodorus, Bibliotheca, 3.5 and Homer, Iliad, 6 tell the story of Lykourgos, a Thracian king who tried to expel Dionysos and was driven mad. Homeric Hymn to Dionysos, 7 tells of the fate of mortals who failed to recognise him. He was captured by pirates but made a vine grow on the ship and transformed himself into a lion. The pirates ended up as dolphins. As these stories suggest, Dionysos is often depicted as travelling throughout Greece, often arriving from the east. As knowledge of the world to the east expanded with Alexander's campaigns as far as India, so did the regions from which Dionysos was thought to arrive in Greece. In the Hellenistic and Roman periods he was depicted as arriving in triumph from India, accompanied by exotic animals. Dionysos is the god of wine and song and is usually depicted in art and literature accompanied by maenads, satyrs and silens. The maenads often carry parts of animals they have torn apart in their frenzy. This is how he is described by Catullus and Ovid when he arrives on the island of Naxos to rescue Ariadne. At Athens tragedy was performed at the festival of Dionysos (Dionysia). The Anthesteria was a festival which commemorated the death of Ikarios the first man to introduce wine to Attica. His countrymen killed him when they felt the effects of the drink and thought he had poisoned them. Ikarios' daughter, Erigone, hanged herself (Apollodoros, 3.14.7). Dionysos was also associated wit...

The 10 Commandments, Die Zehn Gebote in German

The 10 Commandments, Die Zehn Gebote in German Martin Luther wrote a well-known version of die zehn Gebote. The English Ten Commandments are from the King James version of the Bible (Exodus 20:7-17). Das Erste Gebot, the First Commandment Ich bin der Herr, dein Gott. Du sollst keine anderen Gà ¶tter haben neben mir.I am the Lord God. Thou shalt have no other Gods before me. Das Zweite Gebot, the Second Commandment Du sollst den Namen des Herrn, deines Gottes, nicht missbrauchen.Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain. Das Dritte Gebot, The Third Commandment Du sollst den Feiertag heiligen.Thou shalt remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy. Das Vierte Gebot, the Fourth Commandment Du sollst deinen Vater und deine Mutter ehren.Thou shalt honor thy father and thy mother. Das Fà ¼nfte Gebot, the Fifth Commandment Du sollst nicht tà ¶ten.Thou shalt not kill. Das Sechste Gebot, the Sixth Commandment Du sollst nicht ehebrechen.Thou shalt not commit adultery. Das Siebte Gebot, the Seventh Commandment Du sollst nicht stehlen.Thou shalt not steal. Das Achte Gebot, the Eighth Commandment Du sollst nicht falsch Zeugnis reden wider deinen Nchsten.Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbor. Das Neunte Gebot, the Ninth Commandment Du sollst nicht begehren deines Nchsten Haus.Thou shalt not covet thy neighbors house. Das Zehnte Gebot, the Tenth Commandment Du sollst nicht begehren deines Nchsten Weib, Knecht, Magd, Vieh noch alles, was dein Nchster hat. Thou shalt not covet thy neighbors wife, nor his manservant, nor his maidservant, nor his cattle, nor anything that is thy neighbors. Sources 2. Mose - Kapitel 20. Die Zehn Gebote, Bibel-Online, 1996. Exodus. Holy Bible, King James Version. Chapter 20, King James Bible Online, 2019.

Business Process Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Business Process Management - Essay Example This essay declares that business process orientation (BOP) enhances performance by sensitising managers to embrace a process view in their businesses. This process has been of a major importance to businesses as it reduces conflicts among workers thus improving relationships in the business environment. The process is also a method that has been introduced in order to replace the hierarchical method that had been used in the early 1980s where the entire subordinate was under one manager as their boss. This past method has now been developed to a cooperative, flat method and which involves more processes This paper rmakes a conclusion that the Reduction of inventory in companies using the program in addition to cost savings enables these companies to pay for the expenses incurred in the installation of the system by the end of the second financial year. SAP ERP system mostly deals with the assimilation of data and for a company to improve this it has to concentrate in using one kind of merchant that will be used to distribute the elements that are installed in the program for example to human resources. The advantages of SAP ERP system to an organisation include; the system facilitates international integration of information which deals with exchange rates, culture used in different regions and the language. People are in a position of working effectively and thus develop their skills and motivation.

Necessity of Philosophy of Education for Teachers or Educators Essay

Necessity of Philosophy of Education for Teachers or Educators - Essay Example There are essential differences between man and animal, which makes â€Å"education’ possible for man and one can only train animal (Vargas, 1994, p.273). It makes possible The philosophy of education can be of forms as realism, idealism, existentialism or pragmatism and implications can be drawn by one for teaching, education, curriculum, learning or other important issues of education (Orteza and Miranda, 2001, p.3). There are four major educational philosophies on the properties of knowledge and the way of knowing it within the frame of epistemology. These approaches of educational philosophy are recently used in the classrooms widely all over the world. These philosophies are Perennialism, Essentialism, Progressivism and Reconstructionism. These philosophical issues concentrate heavily on the curriculum aspects of WHAT should be taught (Crookes, 2009, p.85). The aim of this education is to consolidate the fact that teachers or educators gain knowledge of great Western civ ilization ideas. The ways to solve problems in any era is hidden in these ideas. The aim is to share ideas that are everlasting, to search for enduring truth that are constant, as the human and natural world at the most essential level remain unchanged (Ornstein, 2012, p. 431). Essentialism: It is believed by the essentialists that there is a common cluster of knowledge that should be transmitted to teachers in a constructive way. Intellectual and moral standards are the two bases in the conservative perspective on which emphasis is given. Essential knowledge and academic rigor and skills are the major arena of the curriculum. Essentialists accept the idea of probable changes in the core curriculum (Ornstein, 2012, p.431) Progressivists: Progressivists believes that the whole child should be focused for the education, rather than focusing on the content or the teacher. Reconstructionism: Social Reconstructionism, a philosophy that put stress on the quest and addressing of social que stions to construct worldwide democracy and better society (Cohen, 1999). Teachers do teaching and the institutions where they work have a purpose that deeply concerns education (Langford, 1978, p.3). Successful teachers do have their respective philosophies and they are quite strong ones. Sometimes, the teachers themselves are not aware of their own philosophy or the reason behind their success. But it is the philosophy that affects everything they do all the day. It would be amazing if all teachers â€Å"flowed through the day† to handle all our tasks with great ease and naturally, but it is us who have to do all our appointed works. Today in several occasions, the beliefs of parents and students are really strong and presume an important influence on what a teacher can do and cannot do. A part of those beliefs are cultural, some are religious and some others are utter nonsense, but all of them must be confronted, handled and addressed individually. A teacher could face a s ituation in the class to which might have no clue and probably he is not going to learn about how to handle them. This is where an essentiality for philosophy lies for the educators. If teachers make too many hard and fast rules for which they are not willing, ready or able to back up, consequence might push them right into a corner. Because there will always be someone to test the teachers regarding their rules to see if they really mean it. A teacher will be tested everyday, in fact many a times in a day. If they do not follow through, they are not only going to lose the battle, but also a lot of respect as well. Among the first things that teachers need to do first is to determine the kind of things that are important enough to have a strong philosophy about. New teachers build up their philosophy slowly at first, as they start gaining confidence and strength they will make choices and changes in their beliefs that are well thought out, based on good judgments, innovated in exper ience and beneficial to

Observations of Realists Essay Example for Free

Observations of Realists Essay 1) Are the observations of Realists, such as Hans Morgenthau, accurate in respect to their assessment of the importance of international law in contemporary world politics? Realists such as Hans Morgenthau and more recently Lloyd Gruber, base their theories on the assumption individuals, and hence states, act rationally to protect their own interests, the national interest. They believe states exist in a world of anarchy without an over arching authority. While this may be the case and it certainly is for some states, it is a theory that requires review within the context of the modern world and international law. In the world of bi-polar power during the Cold War, Morgenthau’s views interpreted the global climate accurately, however it is now short sighted in our time of globalization. Multi-National Corporations (MNC), Inter-Governmental Organisations (IGO) and Non-Government Organisations (NGO) play a very large part on the world stage and influence countries, economies and conflicts. Meanwhile younger theories are tending to consider the state and the world’s political climate as a holistic, interactive entity. Increased access to communication, social media and increased global wealth serve to provide an environment for a better financed and informed NGO. Yet even the UN, it’s efficacy being constantly brought into doubt, plays a vital role in establishing norms and standards with the global stakeholders. These developing theories document our planet’s political interaction and development and as such are constantly in a state of change. Sometimes in-sync with current standards such as international law and other times, not. Taking into account realism is one of the more established theories of international relations, we have to also consider the global climate in which the theory was established and compare that to now. Hans Morgenthau was born in Coburg, Germany 1904 and experienced two world worlds. He and his predecessors experienced states as the only actors in world politics. The United Kingdom was exiting her great period of colonisation and was witnessing the unraveling of her empire. Meanwhile Germany was rebuilding and rising in global status. The world was experiencing a transition into industry and moving away from the traditional agriculturally driven economies. Throughout this time, the average person’s existence was more concerned with subsistence. Overseas phone calls and intercontinental travel were beyond the average person’s reach. The importance of setting the scene here is to understand globalisation was in its infancy. To understand this helps to shape the importance other actors in world politics play. Instant communications, the Internet and global travel have made the world a smaller place. Activists, such as Green Peace, can now influence states. So much so, the Rainbow Warrior, Green Peace’s flagship, was sunk by the French spy agency, Directorate-General for External Security (DGSE), in July 1985, killing a photographer. This is an extreme example of NGO influence, yet it cannot be denied that to bomb a civilian ship highlights the pressure Green Peace was placing on the international stage. Realism does not take into account all variables acting upon the state in today’s day and age. When established, realism existed in a time of strong state actors. Today, with the ending of the Cold War that line has blurred, NGOs etc†¦ have filled that void. To understand the motivation behind the establishment of these organisations helps us to understand the influence they have. For instance, Oxfam, Amnesty International and the like have their basis within a moral social consciousness. Therefore, it’s easy to see why theories, such as Social Constructivism, focus on a world shaped by the influences of a nation’s shared beliefs, culture and values. As democracy extends further and nations adopt a capitalist model to fit into the global model, the demands to maintain a balanced, humane society increase. Governments feel this pressure and so, act accordingly. An argument by Social Constructionist such as Barnett and Finnemore is that IGOs have the real power. As I will show later using the US invasion of Iraq, governments still have the final say on their actions, although IGOs, NGOs and MNCs play a very large role in influencing them. Having stated this, one may counter argue this implies it is still a state verses state environment (Realism), however, the world has still evolved into government verses government verses IGOs, NGOs and MNCs, henceforth realism cannot not explain the actions of governments alone and must consider the external influences. Constructivism does so, but places the power into the hands of IGOs and the like. An alternative needs to be sought. Alternatives such as the European Union, which remains â€Å"†¦the most successful experiment in political institution-building since the Second World War. Andrew Moravcsik goes on to say the EU cannot replace or aspire to the democratic status of nation states, yet their role remains embedded in monitoring accountability and extensive checks and balances upon its member states. Emerging actors such as the EU again demonstrate the changing environment and clearly indicate realist theories, must by reconsidered. Focusing on the institutions such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, we can cite several occasions in which their influence has shaped global politics, whether for selfish or selfless motivations. The concept of poverty alleviation was raised by the World Bank during the 1960’s and saw the World Bank â€Å"sell poverty alleviation to members through a mixture of persuasion and coercion. † The Ford Foundation established a report highlighting the successes of poverty alleviation and cited their own programs, many of which were to governmental organizations. The report also stated poverty alleviation programs were ineffectual and implied corruption. Albeit, this report was funded by the Ford Foundation to report on its own programs, yet I was under the impression they were given freedom to report accurately. Even though the Ford Foundation was established by Henry Ford’s son, and not the company itself, it still represents the power and influence a MNC can exert. These reports are not controversial, but it does go towards forming an image about governments and it is in this way influence is exerted. Furthermore, the actions of the Ford Foundation to fund relief programs, brings into question the effectiveness and validity of IGO programs. Probably the largest non-state actor is the United Nations (UN). It’s governance covers many areas of international concern, United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), World Food Program (WFP), United Nations Development Program (UNDP), United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR), United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), etc†¦. As a consequence, its membership is extensive. Whether the member states take their affiliation with the UN and it’s associated bodies seriously or whether they use them as a vehicle for their own means is irrelevant. In either case, the mere existence of this relationship affects the outcomes of global politics. While UN peace keeping missions and other security programs are a subject for debate into the validity of the UN, it cannot be argued that President Bush’s attempts to have the invasion of Iraq sanctioned in 2003 was an attempt to the have the US’s actions deemed as â€Å"right’ within the eyes of the global audience. The fact the US then ignored the UN’s recommendation is irrelevant, the mere attempt to legitimize the US’s actions implies the states are now not the only actors within global politics. This occurrence in itself indicates in itself realism is becoming outdated and the need to consider a more holistic approach. While it can be argued the UN is an Inter-Governmental Organisation (IGO) and is therefore a part or rather a stage for governments to act upon. It must be noted the sovereignty of states, upon which realism is based, does not exist within the UN. The UN is a global entity upon which sovereign states are members, the UN in itself has now physical bounds and by its title, implies the uniting of nations as a common theme. The Neorealist and Structural Realism models may be more applicable in that they balance of power among states is considered in the UN forum, however, true Realist theories, such as those proposed by Morgenthau, are becoming less relevant based upon the increase in non-governmental actors. The development of the Realist theory and subsequent â€Å"neo† theories show a development of thinking and a mark of the time in which they were contrived. These theories cannot be accurate moving into the future as the benchmarks upon which they are based change with the development of the world, it’s technology and it’s people. They can however, allow us to isolate specific elements of global relations, regardless of the time they were developed. I foresee a more holistic approach to global government and non-governmental relationships develop. This will allow us to consider all of the relevant stakeholders while incorporating the best of each perspective, whether it comes from a sociological, economic or political basis. Realist theories are accurate to a degree regarding world politics, however the influence they now hold on international law and global governance has become less. The role of non-state actors, facilitated by the expansion of communications and travel, namely globalization, has given rise to organisations, which previously were unable to exist. Their power varies greatly within the influence they have upon governments of the world, yet they do influence. In a world where the occupants are more aware and hold their respective governments to account for their actions, these nations cannot afford to ignore the influence of the new players in the game.

Noise Pollution Essay -- Cause Effect Noise Environment Essays

Noise Pollution Abstract No one on earth can escape the sounds of noise- an unwanted, disturbing sound that causes a nuisance in the eye of the beholder. Noise is a disturbance to the human environment that is escalating at such a high rate that it will become a major threat to the quality of human lives. In the past thirty years, noise in all areas, especially in urban areas, have been increasing rapidly. There are numerous effects on the human environment due to the increase in noise pollution. In the following paper, the cause and effects of noise pollution will be presented in some detail. Slowly, insensibly, we seem to accept noise and the physiological and psychological deterioration that accompanies it as an inevitable part of our lives. Although we attempt to set standards for some of the most major sources of noise, we often are unable to monitor them. Major sources of noise can be airplanes at takeoff and landing, and a truck just off the assembly line, yet we seem accept and enjoy countless other sounds, from hard rock music to loud Harley Davidson motor cycles. The following areas will be investigated in some detail; adolescent education, neural-effects, sleep, hearing damage, occupational environment, transportation, and physiological effects. Introduction Almost everyone has had one experience of being temporarily "deafened" by a loud noise. This "deafness" in not permanent, although it is often accompanied by a ringing in the ears, and one can hear another person if he raises his voice. Likewise, normal hearing comes back within a few hours at most. This sort of partial hearing loss is called Temporary Threshold Shift (TTS) (Bugliarello, et al., 1976). A TTS may be experienced after firing a gun or... ...aft Noise and Psychiatric Hospital Admissions Conducted in the Same Area. Psychol. Med Vol. 9: 681-693. Maser, A.; Sorensen,; and Krypter, K. 1978. Effects of Intrusive Sound on Classroom Behavior: Data from a Successful Lawsuit. San Francisco. Peterson, W. H. and Northwood, T. D. 1981. Noise raised blood pressure without impairing auditory sensitivity. Science Vol. 211: 1450-1452. United States National Industrial Pollution Control Council (NIPCC), 1970 Vallet, M. Psychophysiological 1979. Effects of Exposure to Aircraft or to Traffic Noise. Proc. Inst. Acoustics Vol. 3: 1-4. Von Bekesy, George. 1957. The Ear, Scientific American, 197: 61-67 Council on Environmental Quality. 1979. US Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. US Environmental Protection Agency. 1980. The Extent of the Noise Problem. WHO Report. 1990. UN Conference.

History – Martin Luther King

Martin Luther King's Jr. was a man of great ambition. He had a dream of granting civil rights to colored people; eliminating poverty and war; and doing this all non-violently. King's utter passion significantly helped him achieve his dream. On the journey to reaching his goal, and after King accomplished many of the heroic archetypes. Therefore, one can consider Martin Luther King Jr. an archetypal hero. Segregation is the separation of humans into racial groups in daily life. Which then between the 1950s and 1960s black Americans had their time of suffering.In which the white people believed that separating white people from black people would change a lot of things. Racial tensions had escalated and demonstrations swelled for voting rights and school integration. In 1955 Martin Luther King became the leader in the Montgomery bus. The Community chose King to lead the boycott because the young minister was new to Montgomery and the city fathers had not had time to intimidate him. The protesters did a march down miles of roads for their intended to oppose the city's policy of racial segregation on its public transit system.Fighting for what they think is right taken them about 381 days; they fought hard until they get what they started. The Montgomery bus boycott became very violent, so they fought very hard in the court. On November the 13th, after a year of blood, sweat and tears gone. The U. S Supreme Court ruled in favour, of the blacks and segregated buses were declared unconstitutional. The Montgomery bus Boycott was finally over. The boycott was a success because they all protested until everyone had enough. They never gave up on what they fought was right. Most important was when the Negros had enough and they wanted their rights back.As they protested and done other things they had many supports. The problem of this was the civil rights movement in the United States; it was a long primarily nonviolent struggle to bring full civil rights and equality und er the law to all Americans. The movement has had a lasting impact on the United Sates Society. The Negros wanted to fight for their rights back because in many cities and towns, African-Americans were not allowed to share a taxi with whites or enter a building through the same entrance, and they thought well that is one selfish thing.They wanted the whites to accept them and be treated equally, by not their skin colour but the way that God created them. They thought that everyone is the same in different kind of way, â€Å"We all are human beings and all have something in common†. The Negros done lots of Protest and finally, that’s when Martin Luther King stood out and said what he thought was right for the world but mostly United State. King toured the country making speeches and urging more and more people to get involved in the civil rights movement .And as a result they finally got what they called rights. In 1964 the Civil Rights Act was passed because of Pressur e by the civil rights movement. It was passed by Lyndon B. Johnson. He said that â€Å"Every American citizen must have an equal right to vote. † The Civil Rights Act was passed away because of the votes they got were unspeakable. Seventy Percent said that it should be passed way and the thirsty percent said that it shouldn’t. As the vote was taken in and final, they could not do anything about it and it was officially passed.It meant so much to the black people because now the Freedom Riders and the black and white people would travel around in buses to test if the new law would work. And that now they can make a difference! Then in 1965 the voting rights act was passed as well because of the civil rights movement. The Voting Rights Act was passed by Lyndon B. Johnson as well. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 was a landmark piece of national legislation in the United States that outlawed discriminatory voting practices that had been responsible for the widespread disenfr anchisement of African Americans in the U.S. When Johnson agreed to sign the paper the black people knew that they were closer each day to success. It meant a lot them this because it was a day to remember that they are finally getting respect from the whites. But as everything was going well, there were still failures for the Civil Rights Movement too. The Civil Rights Movement had many failures as do all social movements. But its strengths outweighed the mistakes it made and its legacy as a whole is a positive one. Businesses owned by people of colour are still denied equal access to markets, financing, and capital.Centuries of economic deprivation, and the problems stemming from it, remain largely un- addressed. But it still was alright because Movement was still a success. In Conclusion, the changes that were made in the civil rights movement has really helped America and leaded them to a place where they can find peace. And for the Civil rights Groups, there is so much that peo ple have to say and so much that we still need to learn from you. They were very successful because they were the freedom fighter and they were the ones who believed and never gave up.

The Management of Emotions

Managing emotions adequately is vitally important in practically every area of live. Children learn this skill first from the example of their parents. These skills are transferred to society as the child grows and broadens his or her connections with the outside world. Emotional management skills become increasingly important as the human being moves through life. In the workplace, both managers and employees need to adequately manage their emotions in order to successfully accomplish their diverse tasks. In personal life, emotional management is important in the home in order to raise healthy, balanced individuals who will in their turn function well in the workplace. Emotions are an integral part of humanity. The management of emotions is therefore a task that faces every person in every stage of life daily. It is unfortunate that emotional management is not a topic consciously dealt with at either the home or learning institutions. The result of strong, badly managed emotions is often conflict, according to the Conflict Research Consortium (1998). Emotional and conflict management are closely connected. Once the conflicting parties realize this, it is easier to focus on the steps necessary towards a resolution of the conflict. There are many professionals offering advice on adequately managing emotions. The Conflict Research Consortium for example focuses its advice on the issue of emotions and conflict. Conflict is more easily resolved, according to this premise, when the emotions involved are explored and understood. Once each party understands the other's emotions, the issue of conflict becomes simpler and indeed could be eradicated entirely. This is especially so in personal relationships. Parties involved in romantic or family relationships will most often benefit from exploring the emotion involved in conflict. Emotions are also frequently both the cause and result of interpersonal relationships in the workplace. The emphasis on increasing profits and remaining at the top of the business world can cause extreme stress for managers. This stress, if not adequately managed, often find an outlet in inadequately managed emotions. Employees suffer as a result and in turn are the victim of emotional outbursts and conflicts. Hence, the initial cause of badly managed emotions is stress. In workplace relationships, emotional management should therefore be integrated with several other elements to understand the inherent cause-and-effect relationships in each individual case. Ironically, emotional outbursts resulting from profit-related stress has exactly the opposite of the desired effect. According to Gerson (2002), a manager who makes a habit of berating and shouting at employees is unlikely to see a favorable profit margin. Gerson therefore recommends that a program be implemented to handle work-related stress and its concomitant emotions. Emotions are part of human life. So is change. The extreme and rapid changes in the world today adds to stress both in business and in general life. This increases the danger of emotions that manifest in unacceptable ways. In extreme cases, the failure to recognize the need for managing emotions may lead to crimes such as rape or even murder. This makes it clear that emotional management in today's fast-changing world has become of extreme importance. Learning to adequately handle emotions should first and consciously be taught at home and afterwards in learning institutions. This would benefit not only business, but also personal relationships and general society. In terms of business, employees who feel they are valued will perform better, work harder and create the revenue sought by managers. Managers therefore need to handle their emotions adequately to achieve this, as seen above. Children who never learn to manage their emotions are more likely to engage in criminal activities. Society benefits more greatly from stable, productive individuals. In order to achieve this, emotional management is of greatest significance in early home life and education.

Forrest Gump Plot Summary Essays

Forrest Gump Plot Summary Essays Forrest Gump Plot Summary Paper Forrest Gump Plot Summary Paper Plot Summary Forrest Gump is the story of an incredibly kind and gentle person who is also what some people might call mildly retarded. Its true that he is not too smart, but he is very fortunate, because he has a mother and friend who love him dearly. Forrest is born and raised in rural Alabama, in the Southern United States. He grows up with his mother, who rents out rooms in the family house to people traveling through the area. Despite his lack of sophistication, and the fact that he was raised far from any major cities, Forrest manages to become personally involved in most of the critical events that take place in American History from the late 1950s until the early 1980s. This includes the Vietnam War, the Watergate Scandal, the Civil Rights and Anti-Vietnam War protest movements, and the Computer Revolution. Forrest even meets three American Presidents as well as Elvis Presley and John Lennon. In a way, this movie is a look at a period of American history through the eyes of a gentle soul who lacks cynicism, but simply accepts things for what they are. Ultimately, it is about the relationships that Forrest develops through his life. With his mother, who will do anything for him, with his two best friends from his days in the army, Bubba and Lieutenant Dan, and most of all, with Jenny, his true childhood sweetheart. Jenny experiences the changes in American culture from a totally different perspective than Forrest, eventually joining the various protest movements and subcultures of the 1960s and 70s. : But in the end, she is faithful to her childhood friend, whose sincerity, kindness and loyalty she would find in no other person. A special note on language usage: Since much of the movie is narrated by Forrest, you should be careful to not internalize the ungrammatical aspects of his personal way of speaking. Aside from the obvious use of double-negatives, Forrest also tends to conjugate the past tense of to be incorrectly, saying we was instead of we were. www. eslnotes. com/movies/html/forrest-gump. html

10 Common ESL Mistakes

10 Common ESL Mistakes 10 Common ESL Mistakes 10 Common ESL Mistakes By Guest Author This is a guest post by Pratiti Diddi. If you want to write for Daily Writing Tips check the guidelines here. Learning a new language is never easy. Below you will find ten common mistakes among students of English as a second language. Even if you are a native English speaker I guess you could use a reminder on some of them. Incorrect: My sister is photographer. Correct: My sister is a photographer. Incorrect: It is more cold today. Correct: It is colder today. Incorrect: I have told you all what I know. Correct: I have told you all (that) I know. Incorrect: Which is the biggest city of the world? Correct: Which is the biggest city in the world? Incorrect: I have done a mistake. Correct: I have made a mistake. Incorrect: I have been here since three days. Correct: I have been here for three days. Incorrect: We waited one and a half hour. Correct: We waited one and a half hours. Incorrect: According to me, it’s a bad film. Correct: In my opinion, it’s a bad film. Incorrect: It’s getting winter. Correct: Its getting to be winter. Incorrect: Except Angie, everybody was there. Correct: Except for Angie, everybody was there. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Rhetorical Devices for Rational WritingTaser or Tazer? Tazing or Tasering?Adverbs and Hyphens

Web Site Evaluation Criteria Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Web Site Evaluation Criteria - Assignment Example than the rest. Similarly, one needs to design a web site keeping in view the effectiveness & usefulness of the web site as also the appeal. This is so because in many cases the appeal of the web site determines the success and usually gets the maximum number of hits from visitors. In the current paper, it is proposed to evaluate one such web site on the basis of certain aspects and criterion that will be used to determine the effectiveness and appeal of these various features. The web site that is proposed to be evaluated is unique in its own sense in that it plays a crucial role by attempting to teach ancient Vedic philosophy to members of the younger generation using modern digital media techniques. For designing this web site, a lot of attention has been provided towards using requisite animation techniques that are known to draw young minds. Basically, the web site will be evaluated for a set of seven criteria that will be used to prove the web site's worthiness. All these factors that have been assessed will be discussed one by one in detail: Accuracy of Web Documents: The first aspect that will be used to assess the web site happens to be the level of accuracy that is maintained in the web sites. This part of the evaluation will determine whether the author who wrote the web page would be available for contact. The purpose for having published the document, as also the reason for producing it should be elucidated. Lastly, it is also deemed appropriate to determine whether the person is qualified to write this document.Firstly, the web site hosts an online forum wherein all those people who posts their messages would be able to see each other's contact details through the use of hyperlinks. This is shown in the figure following this paragraph. Secondly, the reason for having designed and produced this web site is to provide the younger generation an alternate medium to imbibe philosophical thinking in them so as to enable them to follow the righteous path. The author of this web site has been studying Vedic literature sin ce a long time and is well-versed with its teachings. In addition, the author happens to be a graduate student in Digital Media production, which would imply that he is aware of the latest animation techniques. All these capabilities on the part of the author simply point towards the fact that he is a right person to take up the job.Fig: The online Forum. Authority of web documents: under the authority of the web documents, it is to be ascertained whether the person who published the web site is different from the Webmaster (Deitel & Deitel, 2006). Therefore, this part aims at establishing the credentials of the creator of the web site. The domain that currently plays host to the web pages of the site under study also need a mention in this section. To be specific, the URL (uniform Resource locator) of the web site that currently supplies the web pages on demand is to be mentioned here.For the present web site, the author is responsible for maintaining the website (therefore, he is the site's Webmaster). The web site has been hosted under the domain name-http://www.rupinpatel.co.uk/vv/. Objectivity of Web Documents: by evaluating the objectivity of the web site, it is meant that the goals/objectives for designing the web page are being discussed under this section (McDougall Littell, 2006). It will also be noted whether the information in the web page is posted in a detailed fashion. Whether the author has tried to express any views/opinions would also be discussed (LaJean Humphries, 2005). This is because the web page could be biased, usually with the

A Comparison of two poems based on the same thematic concern Essay

A Comparison of two poems based on the same thematic concern - Essay Example All these are used differently by poets to portray the message that they intend to even when the subject matter at hand is the same. Both Dylan Thomas and Wilfred Owen have based their poems, ‘Do Not Go Gentle into the Good Night’ and ‘Disabled’ respectively, on the subject matter of death. To portray this theme, both poets have effectively used language and different literary devices like repetition and similes. Despite the fact that they portray the same thematic concerns, the literary devices have been used in different ways to signify different aspects. This paper will compare and contrast the two poems based on the use of literary devices. Similes have been used as literary devices in both poems. In the poem ‘Do Not Go Gentle into that Good Night’, the use if simile is evident in the line ‘blind eyes could blaze like meteors and be gay’. Here, Thomas compares blind eyes to meteors, the word blaze signifies the fact that blind m en burn with a zest for life and do not give up. The simile shows that even though blind men may be helpless, they still strive to live and not die. This contributes to the theme in that many people do not wish to die. ‘Saddening like a hymn’ is the simile in the poem ‘disabled’. Sadness is being compared to something so happy like a hymn.

Policy Paper - US Environmental Protection Agency about Energy use and Research

Policy - US Environmental Protection Agency about Energy use and opportunities for energy savings - Research Paper Example We should also aim at making all our resources and energy at the same rate. Whenever energy efficiency chances are available to us, we should take the opportunity without thinking twice. Those with energy efficiency innovations should be encouraged and provided with the necessary support both financial and moral, the information that they later avail should always be made available at and if found important applied to the country’s economy. I encourage the harnessing of energy in the country and driving their availability and disclosure. Energy is the key to running a successful business, home and the country’s economy as a whole. The government has often been seen to neglect the role of energy in the growth of the country’s economy. Energy reduction can play a great role in managing our country’s energy system. The measures that contribute to the reduction in the demand for energy can be applied in a more cost effective way than we can imagine. It meets our energy needs as well. Therefore, we should be proud of the innovations that are essential to achieving these courses. The country should be in a position to use the amount of energy that we need at a given time only. The amount of carbon emission can go down as well and thus aiding the achievement f our carbon budget. Homes in our country have been built and developed over several years with their energy efficiency varying from good to worst thus bringing many of these homes to the levels of being less worthwhile for investment. In the same line, it presents an enormous business opportunity and even goes as far as exporting to other external markets overseas. This strategy will be helpful in the country. These also set our ambition as a country clear and being able to identify the various barriers that we can face in our quest. We, therefore, stimulate our energy efficiency market as well as those we use within our country2. Energy

Metronidazole Retention Enema Experiment and Study

Metronidazole Retention Enema Experiment and Study 1. Introduction 1.1. Rectal dosage forms   The most common and usually most convenient route for administering conventional pharmaceutical dosage forms is orally, where the drug dissolves in the gastric and/or intestinal fluids and is absorbed to reach the site of action. Dissolution and absorption of the drug from the gastro-intestinal environment depends upon many factors e.g. the physico-chemical properties of the drug, enzymes, metabolism, pH of the fluids etc. and these are considered as major drawback when localized drug delivery in the colon is required. Colonic drug delivery system offers advantages over oral dosage forms in improving the efficacy and achieving high concentrations with minimal side-effects1. 1.1.1. Advantages and limitations of rectal dosage forms Advantages: Safe and painless form of administration. Drugs liable to degradation in the gastrointestinal tract can be administration. First pass elimination (drugs liable to degrade before reaching the site of action) of high clearance drugs is partially owing to bypassing the liver. Even larger doses can be administered. Drugs can be administered rectally in the long term care of geriatric and terminally ill patients. Administration of rectal suppositories or capsules is a simple procedure that can be under taken even by unskilled healthcare personnel and patients. Limitations: Patients acceptability and compliance is poor, especially for long term therapy. Suppositories can leak. Drug absorption from suppositories is slow in comparison to oral or intravenous administration. 1.2. Different rectal drug formulations Many formulations are developed for rectal use and these include suppositories (in the form of solid dose suspensions and emulsions), irrigations, gelatine capsules (used for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, encapsulated in a soft gelatine capsules as a reverse micellar solution for rectal application) 2, and enemas. Enemas are aqueous solutions are suspensions intended for instillation into the rectal region for evacuation of bowel and to treat microbial infections. Enemas are of two types macro enemas (100ml or more) and micro enemas ( 1.3. Anatomy of Rectum and lower colon The terminal 15- 19cm portion of the large intestine is rectum; it has a circumference of 15-35cm. The rectal pH is around 7-8. The absorptive area of rectum is less when compared to that of small bowel because the rectal surface area is 200-400cm2 compared to that 200m2 of small bowel, due to very much shorter surface area per unit length 4. Generally medications for rectal delivery are better absorbed as weakly alkaline solutions. For rapid absorption of the medication aqueous solutions are preferable rather than suppositories or suspensions. Rectal absorption takes place by active absorption and for maximum retention without any rectal urgency to vacate bowels small volume of the fluid is recommended5.The diagram with a section of colon is shown below in fig-1. 1.3.1. Physiological considerations of colon 1.3.1a. Intestinal colonic micro flora The human colonic atmosphere supports over 400 distinct species of bacterium with a population of 1011 to 1012 CFU/ml with mostly Eubacterium, Bacteriodes etc6. The enzymes produced by these bacterium has wide spectrum of action, that being hydrolytic and reductive in nature, these enzymes are actively involved in many processes, such as steroidal transformation, protein and carbohydrate fermentation, and destruction of mutagenic metabolism. Nitroreductase, azoreductases, and N-oxide and sulfoxide reductases are the most extensive reductive enzymes produced by the intestinal flora7. 1.3.1b. Colonic motility Under the normal physiological conditions the colonic motility is described as irregular alternation of inactive, non-propagative, segmental contractions and infrequent propagative contractions that can be further classified into high amplitude contractions (> 100 mmHg) and low amplitude contractions ( 1.3.1c. Ascending colonic volume The ascending colonic volume was found to be 170 ±40 ml as per the studies conducted on healthy subjects using single photon emission computed tomography11. Metronidazole Metronidazole is a nitro-imidazole bactericidal agent primarily used against obligate anaerobic bacteria including Bacteroides, Clostridium spp., and certain protozoal parasites like Trichomonas vaginalis, Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Blastocysistis hominis, Balantidium coli and also some of the facultative anaerobes Gardnerella vaginalis and Helicobacter pylori16. Gram negative anaerobes like bacteroides and fusobacterium species and the gram positive anaerobes like Peptosteptococci and clostridium species typically test sensitive to metronidazole. It is particularly used against Helicobacter pylori associated to duodenal ulcers and gastritis. Metronidazole is also used against anaerobic bowel flora for the prophylaxis and for the treatment of Crohns disease where patients might develop complications of infections in bowel12. Metronidazole supports the overgrowth of aerobic microbial flora of the large intestine by reducing the number of anaerobic micro-organisms with acceptable profile of adverse effects13. 1.4.1. Anti microbial action of Metronidazole Metronidazole as anti microbial agent was first introduced in 1959 for the treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis infections, and used subsequently for invasive giardiasis and amebiasis. Metronidazole is highly effective and show rapid onset of action against anaerobic infections. Antimicrobial action of Metronidazole is mainly due to the toxic intermediates which are produced during the reduction of the compound14. Interaction of these intermediates with deoxyribonucleic acid in protozoan inhibits nucleic acid synthesis and there by exerts antimicrobial effects15. Mechanism of action of Metronidazole is shown in the fig-2. 1.4.2. Physico-chemical properties Chemically metronidazole is 2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole-1-ethanol or 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole. Its formula is C4H9N3O and its chemical formula is in the fig-3. Metronidazole is white to pale yellow coloured, odourless, crystalline powder. It is sparingly soluble in water, alcohol and slightly soluble in ether16.It is generally stable in aqueous solutions of pH 2.0-7.017. 1.4.3. Metabolism of Metronidazole Metronidazole is metabolised in the liver into two metabolites. These metabolites include 2-hydroxy-methyl-5-nitroimdazole-1-acetic acid (HM) and 2-methyl-1-2-nitroimidazole-1-acetic acid (MAA). Hydroxy metronidazole is pharmacologically active with antimicrobial action and its potency is 30% to that of metronidazole and the acetic acid metabolite of metronidazole is pharmacologically inactive but its activity is noticed in patients with renal dysfunction, small amount of metronidazole is oxidised to acetamide18. The metabolization pathway and chemical formulas can be seen in the figure 419. Study objective Metronidazole is commercially available in the form Tablets, Suppositories, Gels, and suspensions20. But metronidazole in the form of enema is not available commercially. Olumide F et al. 1976, described metronidazole in the form of enema (2gm. of metronidazole in 200ml of normal saline) for management of severe intestinal amoebiasis21. No extensive pharmaceutical data about the formulation and stability of the metronidazole enema is available at this moment. Hence, the development of a metronidazole enema was undertaken. The present objective of the study is to formulate Metronidazole retention enema in a suitable aqueous media using carbopol and tragacanth as suspending and viscosifying agents. Chemical stability of the formulated enema is analysed with an analytical method: high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and viscosity of the formulation is checked by Brook field viscometer. Aim To formulate a metronidazole retention enema and analyze physico-chemically. 2.0. Materials and Method 2.1. Chemicals Metronidazole (98.9% pure) used is a gift sample from Thrope Laboratories (India) Ltd, Mumbai. 2-methyl-5-nitro-imidazole is used as a standard impurity. Cardopol (35% w/v), tragacanth, methyl paraben, propyl paraben, tris buffer were purchased from Aldrich. The methanol and acetonitrile used were of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade along with distilled water; other materials namely potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium di-hydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4), acetic acid (CH3C OOH), sodium acetate (CH3COONa), sodium citrate (Na3C6H5O7) and 0.1M hydrochloric acid (HCl) were of analytical quality. 2.2. Instrumentation High Performance Liquid Chromatography apparatus and conditions The liquid chromatography used was a Varian Prostar HPLC system (Model 410), equipped with an auto sampler serial mode system with a 20 µl loop. Detection is accomplished with a UV-Visible detector. Integration and the system parameters were controlled by Galaxy software running on a PC. Viscometer The viscometer used was Brook field viscometer (Model LVDV II + PRO); displays temperature (C or F), viscosity, % scales, shear rate, shear stress, speed, % torque, and spindle. Technical specifications include 0.01 to 200/rpm, viscosity range of 1 6Million cP, with 4 supplied spindles. 2.3. Preparation of buffer solutions22, 23 2.3.1. Preparation of Phthalate buffer Phthalate buffer was prepared by dissolving 20.42g of potassium hydrogen phthalate in 1000ml of water (0.1M). The pH was adjusted with 0.1M hydrochloric acid, 0.1M sodium hydroxide. Preparation of different pH ranges of phthalate buffer is shown in the table-1: 2.3.4. Preparation of tris buffer Tris buffer was prepared by dissolving 12.11g of tris (hydroxymethyl aminomethane) in 1000ml of water (0.1M). The pH of the buffer was adjusted with 0.1M hydrochloric acid. Preparation of different ph ranges of tris buffer is shown in the table-4. 2.4. Pre-formulation studies 2.4.1. Pre-formulation solubility studies The main problem associated with developing any of the solution formulation of a compound is its aqueous solubility. Metronidazole is poorly aqueous soluble drug24. For enhancing the poorly aqueous solubility of drug there are several alternatives and these include pH manipulation, co-solvency, surfactants, chelating agents and emulsion formation25. In the present experiment the solubility of metronidazole, 2-methyl-5-nitro-imidazole in water, buffered solutions of phosphate, acetate and tris in various pH ranges were determined by adding a weighed amount of drug to the solvent by stirring with a glass rod at 20 ±2oC. Excess amount of solvent was added until the drug completely dissolved in that solvent. 2.5. Stability Indicating HPLC studies The stability studies are particularly demonstrated to analyse the quality, concentration and purity of the pharmaceutical dosage form. For demonstrating stability of pharmaceutical dosage forms HPLC is prominently used. Szepesi et al.26 described some special stability-indicating requirements for HPLC and these include: 2.5.1. Stability- indicating assay The peaks of the drug substance and its decomposition product should not elute at same time; any decrease in the active drug concentration should be detected by the method. Stability-indicating purity: The resolutions between the active component peak and the adjacent peak should be higher to identify any decomposition of the active component similar in its structure formed during different storage conditions. 2.5.3. The main impurity peak(s) should be separated from degraded product peak(s) of different chemical structure, so that evaluation of purity and assay are carried out together. 2.5.4. The peaks of the degraded products or secondary degraded products formed by the decomposition of by-product can also be separated from other peaks. 2.6. Stability-indicating purity: Pre-formulation stability studies were conducted to determine the stability of metronidazole in water and various buffered pH ranges using reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). All the solutions were stored at room temperature 20 ±2oC for approximately 20 days in glass beakers and then analysed for stability. Results and Discussion Solubility study of Metronidazole The aqueous solubility and pH solubility profiles for Metronidazole and 2-methyl-5-nitro-imidazole are shown in Table-7, 8, 9. Overall solubility of Metronidazole and 2-methyl-5-nitro-imidazole is determined at all pH values. Both Metronidazole and 2-methyl-5-nitro-imidazole exhibited high solubility at a pH range à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥4. For example, at room temperature the aqueous solubility of Metronidazole was 100mg/50ml, respectively. Metronidazole, being a weak base, appears to dissolve maximally at a pH à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 4.0. High performance liquid chromatography method development The new method developed in this present study was very closely related to that of British Pharmacopoeia. British pharmacopoeia specifies reverse phase chromatography carried out using stainless steel column (20cmÃÆ'-4.6 mm) packed with octadecylsilyl silica gel of particle size 10 µm (spherisorb ODS), using a mixture of 30 volumes of methanol and 70 volumes of 0.01M potassium di-hydrogen orthophosphate as the mobile phase with a flow rate of 1ml per minute and a detection wavelength of 315nm. To establish a new stability indicating chromatographic nature of the HPLC method, we have changed the column to 5 µm C18 (150 ÃÆ'- 4.60 mm i.d., Phenomenex) stainless steel column, packed with Sphereclone octadecylsilane (ODS) and an (eluent) mobile phase to carry out the stability analysis in the solution at ambient room temperature with a flow rate of 1.0ml/min and at a detection wave length of 325nm. Each chromatographic run required about 10 minutes and the elution time obtained for metronidazole and the standard impurity were different for different mobile phases. For methanol: KH2PO4 in the volume of 30:70v/v retention times of drug and the impurity was1.89min and 2.00min, for methanol: KH2PO4 in the volume of 80:20v/v retention times were very narrow, like wise all the mobile phase in different proportion showed a little retention time gap between drug and impurity. When acetonitrile and sodium citrate was used in the volumes of 10:90 v/v retention time gap of 2min was achieved. Elution of Metronidazole and 2-methyl-5-nitro-imidazole was achieved with a retention time of 3.19Min and 4.99Min respectively. Stability indicating solubility studies Metronidazole was observed to be relatively stable in water and buffer pH conditions. The results obtained in our stability indicating solubility study showed an agreement with solubility and studies conducted by Yunqi et al., 200527. Test for clarity and sedimentation Sedimentation was observed when the water (400C) solubilized metronidazole is stored for 20 days, this might be due to the super saturation of the solution during solubilization of the drug at high temperature. Rest of the solutions were free from particles and sedimentation when observed against a black and white back ground. Solubility studies of metronidazole and its standard impurity (2-methyl-5-nitro-imidazole), indicates solubility of metronidazole was more in aqueous solvents including various buffered pH systems. These solubility profiles help to understand the chemical nature (polarity) of drug and the impurity. Solubility of metronidazole was observed to be high in acetate buffer (100mg/30ml) than any other buffer solutions. Taking the solubility profiles and colonic pH (5.5-7) into consideration, acetate buffer of pH 6 was used to formulate enema 4. Formulation of enema Our aim to formulate retention enemas is based on the studies conducted by Nyman-Pantelidis et al., 1994. There study proved low viscous enemas superiority over high viscous enemas in retention and colonic spread28. 4.1. Preparation of metronidazole- tragacanth enema Metronidazole-tragacanth enema was prepared by simple titration technique using motor and pestle. Metronidazole retention enema prepared was an aqueous formulation with a viscosity of 6.00 cPas, containing metronidazole in a buffered pH. The formulation includes tragacanth as suspending and viscocifying agent. Methyl paraben as a preservative and NaOH (0.1M) was used to maintain the pH of the formulation. Metrinidazole was dissolved in buffered solution and then added to tragacanth gum, while triturating methyl paraben was added and pH of the final formulation is maintained at pH-6 using NaOH. The composition of the enema prepared in the study contains 1g of Metronidazole as shown in table 9. Preparation of metronidazole- carbopol enema For the treatment of anaerobic infection of colon we have formulated Metronidazole as enema using carbopol, a high molecular weight polymer of acrylic acid cross linked to allyl sucrose. Carbopol increases the viscosity of the enema and so help in retaining in the colon for maximum efficacy of metronidazole29. Metronidazole was dissolved in buffered solution 1.0g/300ml. This solution was added under constant stirring to carbopol. Methyl paraben was dissolved in water and under  constant stirring this mixture was added to the suspension. The pH of the final formulation is maintained at 6 by the addition of NaOH. The composition of the enema formulated is shown below in the table-10. Storage of enemas for stability and viscosity studies The formulated enemas were filled in 100 ml glass beakers and stored for 2 days at refrigerated conditions 40C, room temperature 200C and at accelerated conditions 400C and analysed for stability and viscosity. Stability studies of the formulated enemas Both the enemas were found to be stable for 3 days at various temperatures (2-100C, 25 ±20C, 40 ±20C). The chromatograms show no peak of degraded metronidazole. Chromatograms of both the enemas is shown in the fig-9, fig-10. Viscosities of the formulated enemas The viscosity measurements for both rectal enemas were performed by Brooks field viscometer, using spindle 62 revolving at 22 rpm. Both the rectal enemas were prepared with a viscosity of 6.0 cP using tragacanth and carbopol. The viscosities of both rectal enemas were then analysed after storage for 2 days at 2-100C, 20 ±20C, and 40 ±20C respectively and there results are shown in table-10. There was a little variation of viscosities in the formulated enemas after their storage at various temperatures, and this variation is seen especially in enemas stored at accelerated temperature (40 ±20C) for 3 day. Because viscosity is inversely related to temperature, as temperature increases viscosity decreases. Test for clarity and sedimentation Both the formulated enemas were clear without any particles when observed against a black and white background. When the enemas are further analysed, phase separation was observed in the enema formulated using tragacanth and stored at 2-100C, 20 ±20C, and 40 ±20C. Conclusion The solubility studies results indicate that metronidazole showed a good solubility at various pH levels (à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥4.0). Maximum solubility of metronidazole was shown in acetate buffer of pH 6 (100mg/30ml). The stability studies indicate that metronidazole was stable at all the pH ranges without any degradation. The Metronidazole enema formulated using tragacanth and carbopol was chemically stable with no degradation when stored for a period of 3 days at 2 ±100C, 20 ±20C, 40 ±20C respectively. And there is no remarkable effect on the viscosities and pH of the enemas when stored at these temperatures. Future work In the present study stability studies were conducted for only 3 days, the results would be more appropriate if the stability studies of the formulated enema were carried for some more days. The new methodology developed for demonstrating High Performance Liquid Chromatography indicating stability studies using acetinitrile and sodium citrate in the volumes of 10:90v/v should be validated.